LONGi’s 28.29% HIBC record puts silicon at 96.2% of its theoretical limit. Here is how the BC curve got there, where the 29.4% ceiling comes from, and how much is left for labs and production lines.
Module formats stopped changing for a reason: a 40 ft container, a mounting rail and a round silicon ingot. The maths behind 1134 mm of width and 2382 mm of length.
Encapsulant is 3-4% of module cost and still decides year 25. Each cell route hands it a new examination: PID for PERC, moisture for glass-glass, UV for TOPCon, cleanliness for HJT, rear insulation for BC.
Tandem modules are now producing power in real plants: a 10% yield gain in Shandong and IEC-certified 26.49% production modules. The stability question remains.
Four deposition techniques, three design variables, one equation of thermal budget, film quality, structure and throughput – with a 40 nm process map and a solar-cell view.
More than ten thousand joints per module, each made in about a second. A close look at wetting, IMC formation, IR heating uniformity, thermal mismatch and the move to 0BB.
Copper paste on the rear plus laser contact optimisation cost just 0.2 percentage points against an all-silver TOPCon cell. How the process works, and what is still missing.
TOPCon has 800 GW of capacity; BC has 5-11% share and a higher efficiency ceiling. The real contest is over market power – and both camps are heading for tandem.
N-type is now the default for new plants. We compare TOPCon, HJT and BC on real strengths and constraints, and explain which datasheet numbers actually matter.
EVA, POE and EPE encapsulants decide whether a module lasts 25 years or fails at year eight. Here is how each film behaves and which scenarios each one fits.
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